Immediately following the Nazi invasion of Estonia, Jews were subjected to harsh measures, including the confiscation of property, the wearing of the yellow star and subsequent internment. Due to the small number of Jews in Estonia, formal ghettos were not created. Only in Tartu were the Jews concentrated and separated from other arrested suspects in two houses, thereby creating a form of ghetto. After a short time, they were transferred to the Tartu concentration camp where most of them were murdered. By late 1941, the Nazis, with the assistance of Estonia’s Self-Defense Force or the Estonian Security Police, acting under the direction of the Einsatzstab A, prepared to murder all Estonian Jews.